How to Open and Read a GEDCOM File

One of the most common methods used to exchange genealogical information is a GEDCOM file, an acronym for GEnealogical Data COMmunication. In simple terms, GEDCOM is a method of formatting your family tree data into a text file which can be easily read and converted by any genealogy software program. The GEDCOM specification was originally developed in 1985 and is owned and managed by the Family History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. GEDCOM is 5.5 and 5.5.1 (legacy GEDCOM) are no longer maintained as development continues on GEDCOM X.   Using GEDCOM Almost all major genealogy software packages and websites — including Reunion, Ancestral Quest, My Family Tree, and others — both read and write to the GEDCOM standard, although most of those tools also have their own proprietary formats. Depending on the GEDCOM version and the version of any given genealogy software program, you might encounter some standards problems that lead to imperfect interoperability. For example, Program X might not support a few tags that Program Y supports, so some data loss might occur. Youll want to check each programs technical specifications to see if and how it differs from the GEDCOM standard. Anatomy of a Genealogy GEDCOM File If you open a GEDCOM file using your word  processor, youll see a jumble of numbers, abbreviations, and bits and pieces of data. There are no blank lines and no indentations in a GEDCOM file. Thats because it is a specification for exchanging information from one computer to another and was never intended to be read as a text file. GEDCOMs basically take your family information and translate it into an outline format. Records in a GEDCOM file are arranged in groups of lines that hold information about one individual (INDI) or one family (FAM) and each line in an individual record has a level number. The first line of every record is numbered zero to show that it is the beginning of a new record. Within that record, different level numbers are subdivisions of the next level above it. For example, the birth of an individual may be given level No. 1 and further information about the birth (date, place, etc.) would be given level No. 2. After the level number, you will see a descriptive tag, which refers to the type of data contained in that line. Most tags are obvious — BIRT for birth and PLAC for place — but some are a little more obscure, such as BARM for Bar Mitzvah. A simple example of GEDCOM records: 0 I2 INDI 1 NAME Charles Phillip /Ingalls/ 1 SEX M1 BIRT2 DATE 10 JAN 18362 PLAC Cuba, Allegheny, NY1 DEAT2 DATE 08 JUN 19022 PLAC De Smet, Kingsbury, Dakota Territory1 FAMC F21 FAMS F30 I3 INDI1 NAME Caroline Lake /Quiner/1 SEX F1 BIRT2 DATE 12 DEC 18392 PLAC Milwaukee Co., WI1 DEAT2 DATE 20 APR 19232 PLAC De Smet, Kingsbury, Dakota Territory1 FAMC F211 FAMS F3 Tags can also serve as pointers — for example, I2 — which indicate a related individual, family or source within the same GEDCOM file. For example, a family record (FAM) will contain pointers to the individual records (INDI) for the husband, wife, and children. Here is the family record that contains Charles and Caroline, the two individuals discussed above: 0 F3 FAM1 HUSB I21 WIFE I31 MARR2 DATE 01 FEB 18602 PLAC Concord, Jefferson, WI1 CHIL I11 CHIL I421 CHIL I441 CHIL I451 CHIL I47 A GEDCOM is basically a connected web of records with pointers that keep all of the relationships straight. While you should now be able to decipher a GEDCOM with a text editor, you will still find it much easier to read with the appropriate software. GEDCOMs contain two additional pieces: A header section (led by the line  0 HEAD) with metadata about the file; the header is the very first section of the file. The final line — called a  trailer — indicates the end of the file. It simply reads  0 TRLR. How to Open and Read a GEDCOM File Opening a GEDCOM file is usually straightforward. Begin by ensuring that the file is truly a genealogy GEDCOM file and not a family tree file created in some proprietary format by a  genealogy software program. A file is in GEDCOM format when it ends in the extension .ged. If the file ends with the extension .zip then it has been zipped (compressed) and needs to be unzipped first.   Back up your existing genealogy databases, then open the file (or import it) with your software. How to Save Your Family Tree as a GEDCOM File All major family tree software programs support the creation of GEDCOM files. Creating a GEDCOM file does not overwrite your existing data or change your existing file in any way. Instead, a new file is generated by a process called exporting. Exporting a GEDCOM file is easy to do with any family tree software by following the basic instructions offered in the software help tool. Remove private information such as birth dates and  Social Security numbers  for people in your family tree who are still living in order to protect their privacy.   List of Tags The GEDCOM 5.5 standard supports quite a few different tags and indicators: ABBR  {ABBREVIATION} A short name of a title, description or name. ADDR  {ADDRESS} The contemporary place, usually required for postal purposes, of an individual, a submitter of information, a repository, a business, a school or a company. ADR1  {ADDRESS1} The first line of an address. ADR2  {ADDRESS2} The second line of an address. ADOP  {ADOPTION} Pertaining to the creation of a child-parent relationship that does not exist biologically. AFN  {AFN} A unique permanent record file number of an individual record stored in Ancestral File. AGE  {AGE} The age of the individual at the time an event occurred or the age listed in the document. AGNC  {AGENCY} The institution or individual having the authority or responsibility to manage or govern ALIA  {ALIAS} An indicator to link different record descriptions of a person who may be the same person. ANCE  {ANCESTORS} Pertaining to forbearers of an individual. ANCI  {ANCES_INTEREST} Indicates an interest in additional research for ancestors of this individual. (See also DESI) ANUL  {ANNULMENT} Declaring a marriage void from the beginning (never existed). ASSO  {ASSOCIATES} An indicator to link friends, neighbors, relatives, or associates of an individual. AUTH  {AUTHOR} The name of the individual who created or compiled information. BAPL  {BAPTISM-LDS} The event of baptism performed at age eight or later by priesthood authority of the LDS Church. (See also BAPM, next) BAPM  {BAPTISM} The event of baptism (not LDS), performed in infancy or later. (See also  BAPL, above, and CHR.) BARM  {BAR_MITZVAH} The ceremonial event held when a Jewish boy reaches age 13. BASM  {BAS_MITZVAH} The ceremonial event held when a Jewish girl reaches age 13, also known as Bat Mitzvah. BIRT  {BIRTH} The event of entering into life. BLES  {BLESSING} A religious event of bestowing divine care or intercession. Sometimes given in connection with a naming ceremony. BLOB  {BINARY_OBJECT} A grouping of data used as input to a multimedia system that processes binary data to represent images, sound, and video. BURI  {BURIAL} The event of the proper disposing of the mortal remains of a deceased person. CALN  {CALL_NUMBER} The number used by a repository to identify the specific items in its collections. CAST  {CASTE} The name of an individuals rank or status in society, based on racial or religious differences, or differences in wealth, inherited rank, profession, occupation, etc. CAUS  {CAUSE} A description of the cause of the associated event or fact, such as the cause of death. CENS  {CENSUS} The event of the periodic count of the population for a designated locality, such as a  national or state  census. CHAN  {CHANGE} Indicates a change, correction or modification. Typically used in connection with a DATE to specify when a change in information occurred. CHAR  {CHARACTER} An indicator of the character set used in writing this automated information. CHIL  {CHILD} The natural, adopted or sealed (LDS) child of a father and a mother. CHR  {CHRISTENING} The religious event (not LDS) of baptizing or naming a child. CHRA  {ADULT_CHRISTENING} The religious event (not LDS) of baptizing or naming an adult person. CITY  {CITY} A lower level jurisdictional unit. Normally an incorporated municipal unit. CONC  {CONCATENATION} An indicator that additional data belongs to the superior value. The information from the CONC value is to be connected to the value of the superior preceding line without a space and without a carriage return or newline character. Values that are split for a CONC tag must always be split at a non-space. If the value is split on a space the space will be lost when concatenation takes place. This is because of the treatment that spaces get as a GEDCOM delimiter, many GEDCOM values are trimmed of trailing spaces and some systems look for the first non-space starting after the tag to determine the beginning of the value. CONF  {CONFIRMATION} The religious event (not LDS) of conferring the gift of the Holy Ghost and, among protestants, full church membership. CONL  {CONFIRMATION_L} The religious event by which a person receives membership in the LDS Church. CONT  {CONTINUED} An indicator that additional data belongs to the superior value. The information from the CONT value is to be connected to the value of the superior preceding line with a carriage return or newline character. Leading spaces could be important to the formatting of the resultant text. When importing values from CONT lines the reader should assume only one delimiter character following the CONT tag. Assume that the rest of the leading spaces are to be a part of the value. COPR  {COPYRIGHT} A statement that accompanies data to protect it from unlawful duplication and distribution. CORP  {CORPORATE} A name of an institution, agency, corporation or company. CREM  {CREMATION} Disposal of the remains of a persons body by fire. CTRY  {COUNTRY} The name or code of the country. DATA  {DATA} Pertaining to stored automated information. DATE  {DATE} The time of an event in a calendar format. DEAT  {DEATH} The event when mortal life terminates. DESC  {DESCENDANTS} Pertaining to the offspring of an individual. DESI  {DESCENDANT_INT} Indicates an interest in research to identify additional descendants of this individual. (See also ANCI) DEST  {DESTINATION} A system receiving data. DIV  {DIVORCE} An event of dissolving a marriage through civil action. DIVF  {DIVORCE_FILED} An event of filing for a divorce by a spouse. DSCR  {PHY_DESCRIPTION} The physical characteristics of a person, place or thing. EDUC  {EDUCATION} Indicator of a level of education attained. EMIG  {EMIGRATION} An event of leaving ones homeland with the intent of residing elsewhere. ENDL  {ENDOWMENT} A religious event where an endowment ordinance for an individual was performed by priesthood authority in an LDS temple. ENGA  {ENGAGEMENT} An event of recording or announcing an agreement between two people to become married. EVEN  {EVENT} A noteworthy happening related to an individual, a group or an organization. FAM  {FAMILY} Identifies a legal, common law or other customary relationship of man and woman and their children, if any, or a family created by virtue of the birth of a child to its biological father and mother. FAMC  {FAMILY_CHILD} Identifies the family in which an individual appears as a child. FAMF  {FAMILY_FILE} Pertaining to, or the name of, a family file. Names stored in a file that is assigned to a family for doing temple ordinance work. FAMS  {FAMILY_SPOUSE} Identifies the family in which an individual appears as a spouse. FCOM  {FIRST_COMMUNION} A religious rite, the first act of sharing in the Lords supper as part of church worship. FILE  {FILE} An information storage place that is ordered and arranged for preservation and reference. FORM  {FORMAT} An assigned name given to a consistent format in which information can be conveyed. GEDC  {GEDCOM} Information about the use of GEDCOM in a transmission. GIVN  {GIVEN_NAME} A given or earned name used for official identification of a person. GRAD  {GRADUATION} An event of awarding educational diplomas or degrees to individuals. HEAD  {HEADER} Identifies information pertaining to an entire GEDCOM transmission. HUSB  {HUSBAND} An individual in the family role of a married man or father. IDNO  {IDENT_NUMBER} A number assigned to identify a person within some significant external system. IMMI  {IMMIGRATION} An event of entering into a new locality with the intent of residing there. INDI  {INDIVIDUAL} A person. INFL  {TempleReady} Indicates if an INFANT—data is Y (or N). LANG  {LANGUAGE} The name of the language used in a communication or transmission of information. LEGA  {LEGATEE} A role of an individual acting as a person receiving a bequest or legal devise. MARB  {MARRIAGE_BANN} An event of an official public notice given that two people intend to marry. MARC  {MARR_CONTRACT} An event of recording a formal agreement of marriage, including the prenuptial agreement in which marriage partners reach an agreement about the property rights of one or both, securing property to their children. MARL  {MARR_LICENSE} An event of obtaining a legal license to marry. MARR  {MARRIAGE} A legal, common-law or customary event of creating a family unit of a man and a woman as husband and wife. MARS  {MARR_SETTLEMENT} An event of creating an agreement between two people contemplating  marriage, at which time they agree to release or modify property rights that would otherwise arise from the marriage. MEDI  {MEDIA} Identifies information about the media or having to do with the medium in which information is stored. NAME  {NAME} A word or combination of words used to help identify an individual, title or other items. More than one NAME line should be used for people who were known by multiple names. NATI  {NATIONALITY} The national heritage of an individual. NATU  {NATURALIZATION} The event of obtaining  citizenship. NCHI  {CHILDREN_COUNT} The number of children that this person is known to be the parent of (all marriages) when subordinate to an individual, or that belong to this family when subordinate to a FAM_RECORD. NICK  {NICKNAME} A descriptive or familiar that is used instead of, or in addition to, ones proper name. NMR  {MARRIAGE_COUNT} The number of times this person has participated in a family as a spouse or parent. NOTE  {NOTE} Additional information provided by the submitter for understanding the enclosing data. NPFX  {NAME_PREFIX} Text which appears on a name line before the given and surname parts of a name. i.e. (Lt. Cmndr.) Joseph /Allen/ jr. NSFX  {NAME_SUFFIX} Text which appears on a name line after or behind the given and surname parts of a name. i.e. Lt. Cmndr. Joseph /Allen/ (jr.) In this example jr. is considered as the name suffix portion OBJE  {OBJECT} Pertaining to a grouping of attributes used in describing something. Usually referring to the data required to represent a multimedia object, such as an audio recording, a photograph of a person or an image of a document. OCCU  {OCCUPATION} The type of work or profession of an individual. ORDI  {ORDINANCE} Pertaining to a religious ordinance in general. ORDN  {ORDINATION} A religious event of receiving authority to act in religious matters. PAGE  {PAGE} A number or description to identify where information can be found in a referenced work. PEDI  {PEDIGREE} Information pertaining to an individual to parent lineage chart. PHON  {PHONE} A unique number assigned to access a specific telephone. PLAC  {PLACE} A jurisdictional name to identify the place or location of an event. POST  {POSTAL_CODE} A code used by a postal service to identify an area to facilitate mail handling. PROB  {PROBATE} An event of judicial determination of the  validity of a will. May indicate several related court activities over several dates. PROP  {PROPERTY} Pertaining to possessions such as real estate or other property of interest. PUBL  {PUBLICATION} Refers to when or where a work was published or created. QUAY  {QUALITY_OF_DATA} An assessment of the certainty of the evidence to support the conclusion drawn from evidence. Values: [0|1|2|3] REFN  {REFERENCE} A description or number used to identify an item for filing, storage or other reference purposes. RELA  {RELATIONSHIP} A relationship value between the indicated contexts. RELI  {RELIGION} A religious denomination to which a person is affiliated or for which a record applies. REPO  {REPOSITORY} An institution or person that has the specified item as part of their collection(s) RESI  {RESIDENCE} The act of dwelling at an address for a period of time. RESN  {RESTRICTION} A processing indicator signifying access to information has been denied or otherwise restricted. RETI  {RETIREMENT} An event of exiting an occupational relationship with an employer after a qualifying time period. RFN  {REC_FILE_NUMBER} A permanent number assigned to a record that uniquely identifies it within a known file. RIN  {REC_ID_NUMBER} A number assigned to a record by an originating automated system that can be used by a receiving system to report results pertaining to that record. ROLE  {ROLE} A name given to a role played by an individual in connection with an event. SEX  {SEX} Indicates the sex of an individual — male or female. SLGC  {SEALING_CHILD} A religious event pertaining to the sealing of a child to his or her parents in an LDS temple ceremony. SLGS  {SEALING_SPOUSE} A religious event pertaining to the sealing of a husband and wife in an LDS temple ceremony. SOUR  {SOURCE} The initial or original material from which information was obtained. SPFX  {SURN_PREFIX} A name piece used as a non-indexing pre-part of a surname. SSN  {SOC_SEC_NUMBER} A number assigned by the United States Social Security Administration. Used for tax identification purposes. STAE  {STATE} A geographical division of a larger jurisdictional area, such as a state within the United States of America. STAT  {STATUS} An assessment of the state or condition of something. SUBM  {SUBMITTER} An individual or organization who contributes genealogical data to a file or transfers it to someone else. SUBN  {SUBMISSION} Pertains to a collection of data issued for processing. SURN  {SURNAME} A family name passed on or used by members of a family. TEMP  {TEMPLE} The name or code that represents the name of a temple of the LDS Church. TEXT  {TEXT} The exact wording found in an original source document. TIME  {TIME} A time value in a 24-hour clock format, including hours, minutes, and optional seconds, separated by a colon (:). Fractions of seconds are shown in decimal notation. TITL  {TITLE} A description of a specific writing or other work, such as the title of a book when used in a source context, or a formal designation used by an individual in connection with positions of royalty or another social status, such as Grand Duke. TRLR  {TRAILER} At level 0, specifies the end of a GEDCOM transmission. TYPE  {TYPE} A further qualification to the meaning of the associated superior tag. The value does not have any computer processing reliability. It is more in the form of a short one- or two-word note that should be displayed any time the associated data is displayed. VERS  {VERSION} Indicates which version of a product, item, or publication is being used or referenced. WIFE  {WIFE} An individual in the role as a mother or married woman. WILL  {WILL} A legal document treated as an event, by which a person disposes of his or her estate, to take effect after death. The event date is the date the  will  was signed while the person was alive. (See also PROB)

The Apostle Of The Gospel And The Relationship Between...

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Alcohol, a psychoactive drug, found within many adult beverages causes countless problems for people suffering from addiction but even more devastating are the mothers who drink when pregnant. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a disorder that refers to mental and physical effects of an individual whose mother consumed large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol can destroy neurons in a growing fetus along with causing problems with growth and weight. In the past, alcohol has been shownRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Is A Collection Of Multiple Effects Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesFetal alcohol syndrome is a collection of multiple effects that happen because of exposure to al cohol in utero and can be a very serious problem that is prevalent. Fetal alcohol syndrome was first talked about and described in 1973 (Caley, Dunlap, Shipkey, Rivera, Winkelman, 2006). Over the years a lot has become known about the dangers of exposing a fetus to alcohol and how common it really is (Caley et al, 2006). According to Krulewitch (2005), 1 in 10 women will consume alcohol after knowingRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome The Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus During Pregnancy1727 Words   |  7 Pages Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy and is characterized by specific patters of fetal deformities. Researchers are unsure at what stage in the pregnancy these malformations occur or the amount of alcohol consumed to cause these deformities. FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation that is preventable. There are usually three factors pertaining to a diagnosis of FAS: â€Å"the presence of prenatal/postnatal growth retard ation, craniofacial anomaliesRead MoreThe Effects Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Students1117 Words   |  5 Pagesin. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome students struggle with their memory and struggle to remember the things they are being taught. Teachers should implement a daily planner for the students in order to help them keep up with their assignments and help them remember what they are to do each day and night for school. According to Catterick, teachers should â€Å"ensure that learning is multisensory where possible to give the child the best chance of taking in the information† (p. 113) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome students

Organizational Transformation Q a Paper Free Essays

Organizational Transformation Q A Paper Organizational transformation is vital to an organization. Organizational transformation â€Å"refers to organization-wide changes, such as reconstruction operations, introducing new technologies, processes, services or products, implementing new programs, re-engineering, ect (â€Å"Business / human,†). † Identifying and characterizing the roles of incentives, training, and education in promoting innovation in the organization can assist in organizational transformation. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Transformation Q a Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, knowing the role of leadership in creating, managing, and sustaining innovation in your organization will also assist in the transformation. Third assistance to a transformation would be to ensure that ethical implications are in place and lastly, if my personal organization is innovative or not. How would you identify and characterize the roles of incentives, training, and education in promoting innovation in your organization? Creativity and innovation are on the menu of skills that companies are now looking for in recruiting employees. This is why companies are increasingly hiring graduates of colleges. For existing employees, according to a Boston Consulting Group survey, not enough companies link incentives to innovation, â€Å"†¦while many companies clearly recognize the potential impact of metrics on behavior, very few firms attempt to aggressively leverage it by tying employee incentives directly to metrics. Indeed, less than a fourth of respondents said their companies link the two consistently, and nearly a third of our respondents said that their companies do not link incentives to innovation metrics at all (Lichtenberg, 2008). † In my own experiences, while many companies may not have explicit incentive programs to motivate innovation, many recognized innovation implicitly in their mainline compensation programs. However it is up to the supervisor to recognize an employee’s innovation contribution, there are some employee suggestion programs that offer incentives for innovation. An example is Canon – when employees make a suggestion for a new idea to benefit the company, they are awarded variable amount of points. Every year the company has a President’s Award to the top 20 employees who have acquired the most points since the program began. They are awarded cash and a gold medal. While employers indicate that creativity skills are important, they are not doing much to train their employees. According to a study by the Conference Board, â€Å"Educators and employers both feel they have a responsibility for instilling creativity in the U. S. workforce (83 and 61 percent, respectively). However, their current creativity building offerings don’t match this desire (Lichtenberg, 2008). † What is the role of leadership in creating, managing, and sustaining innovation in your organization? The key to fostering innovation is leadership and how leaders influence the corporate culture. Leaders must build a culture of trust, one that promotes information sharing and a clear statement that creativity and innovation are encourage and will be rewarded. Here is an example, â€Å"Seth Waugh, CEO of Deutsche Bank Americas, cited culture as a critical factor in promoting innovation. Business leaders, he said, create this environment by offering incentives for workers who innovate and by making it clear that innovation is expected. You must have people with that hunger to always learn, who are always open and who think about things in a different way. You always have to reinvent yourself tomorrow (â€Å"Connecting the dots,† 2006). † What are the ethical implications of an individual reward system? Support your answer. While there is substantial material on Business Ethics in finance, executive behavior and other business functions there is little on the ethical considerations regarding compensation or reward systems. However, ethics as applied to rewards or compensation systems involve how these systems are designed to encourage employees to go beyond legal compliance and motivate them to act in morally, ethically manner. It also places a requirement on leaders to fair in how employees are compensated and rewarded. Would you describe your organization as innovative or non-innovative? Why? My organization, the United States Navy, is most definitely innovative. The mission statement of the Office of Naval Research states, â€Å"The Directorate of Innovation cultivates innovative science and technology approaches that support the Department of the Navy and facilitate rapid and agile responses to our changing national security environment (â€Å"Office of naval,†). With a mission statement such as that, it is clear that the United States Navy thrives on the most innovative technology, techniques, intelligence, and sciences. Without a mission statement like this, the world’s finest Navy could face security flaws and intelligence deficiencies. Our Navy has the top of the line equipment and procedures with thanks to the innovators at the Office of Naval Research. References: Business / human r esources (hr) / organizational transformation. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. superglossary. om/Definition/Human_Resources_(HR)/Organizational_Transformation. html Connecting the dots between innovation and leadership. (2006, October 04). Retrieved from http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=1569 Lichtenberg, J. (2008). Ready to innovate. Retrieved from http://www. artsusa. org/pdf/information_services/research/policy_roundtable/ready_to_innovate. pdf Office of naval research. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. onr. navy. mil/Science-Technology/Directorates/office-innovation. aspx How to cite Organizational Transformation Q a Paper, Essay examples

Fear and loathing in las vegas Essay Example For Students

Fear and loathing in las vegas Essay Category:Book ReportsPaper Title:fear and loathing in las vegasText:Finding the American Dream in Sin City:What I got out of Fear and LoathingWhere do I start ? This book left me with so many questions and so manythingsto think about. Was this journey real? Was Hunter S. Thompson drawing offreal lifeexperinces to create this strange and insightful journey? If this was striclya fictional storythis is obivoiusly written by a man who had alot of experince with drugs andthere effects. I don not want to focus on the drugs because I think there is more to thisbook and if youjust focus and the outlandish number of drugs ingested by Raoul Duke and hisattorneyyou will miss it. The book bills itself as A savage journey to theheart of the AmericanDream. That is exactly what it is. We see america through a man whoseems to haveseen what America could have been only to see it come crashing down to theharshrealties of what it is. He was not alone in this feeling he makes it clearwhen he remarksthat Nixons term marked the popularuty of downers. The whole country was in adownmood it seemed that everything had failed and the people that were left afterthe smoke ofthe sixties cleared felt dislousined and out of place like Raoul Duke. Theonly feeling hehad left to cling on from this time was the drugs and even the highs didntseem the same. Take for example when he was describing being in San Francisco during theAcid Wavehow carefree and innoceent his high nights seemed compare this with theconstantparnonia that plagued him throughout his five day romp through Vegas. Hishighs alongwith america had lost a sense of innocence All that was left was a feeling offear andloathing. I also belive that the choice of Las Vegas as the hunting ground for theAmercianDream was extremely important. I think that for many Vegas especially circa1971embobied all that was right and very wrong with American Culture. The tackyglitz of thestrip, out of work entertainers pefroming for middle americans in thetwilight of their lifegambling away penisons and savings and two bit gamblers hoping that they tocouldstrike it rich and become geniune rags to riches story. Vegas with its lureof the instantHoratio Alger story seems to me to repersent the Amercian Dream over lasthalf centuryand I think Hunter S. Thompson saw this too. Then there was the Mint 400 andthe drugconfrence both I think were used as vehicles to see American culture fromoppositespectrums. There was the racers and fans for the Mint 400 a rough and tumblebunchsome would call them rednecks, bikers or rebels. These were the people whoseemed tobe living the American Dream on their own terms. On the opposite there waspeop leattending the drug convention a cross section of middle american lawenforcementpeople. To these people a free trip to vegas was the vaction they and themisses had beenwaiting for. They seemed so out of place in the glitzy lights and fancycasinos but in asense I feel they fit right in. They were the target market for vegas. Richpeople and hipyoung Americans dont travel hundreds of miles to see Tom Jones do medleysand eat badbuffet food. To me the convention attendees, Mint 400 fans, casino vistorsand RaoulDuke all resprsented diffrent aspects of one idea, The American Dream. Rauoland hisattorney had at one time found there American Dream and had lost it alongwiththousands of others who thought the sixties really would mean a change forthe better. .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 , .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 .postImageUrl , .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 , .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9:hover , .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9:visited , .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9:active { border:0!important; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9:active , .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9 .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99852526febb4dc3f13012c05a5c81f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Domestic Violence EssayThe Mint folks had found theirs and as mindless and backwoodish as it mightseem tomany it fit them and I dont think they gave a damn what anyone thought. Theconventionpeople they represented the masses grinding it out everyday 9 to 5 living theso calledHonest American Way oblivous to the way thing were beyond their own front lawns. Book Reports

Sustainable Design and Manufacture Waste Management

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Design and Manufacture for Waste Management. Answer: Introduction The problems of waste and the issues of waste management not limited to one country or a place, it is the problem of the entire nation (Karak, Bhagat and Bhattacharyya 2012). Due to the advent of the technology and the growing population all over the world, it is becoming more difficult to manage the waste. The industrial wastes have always been the concern. Moreover, the household wastes are also creating the similar problems. At times, the owners of various companies keep a check on the waste as a part of their corporate social responsibility. However, the people who are accumulating the waste materials are not giving second thought before throwing the garbage. Singapore is one such country, which has been suffering from the accumulation of waste for a long range of time and it is high time that they take cetin steps that will help them to manage the solid waste. The presence of the rubbish chutes is one such example in Singapore. As the people are not able to see the accumulation of the waste, the waste is being dumped at a regular basis. The write-up will look into the issues of solid waste in Singapore, the steps taken by the government and other organizations who are managing the waste accumulation and what are the challenges faced by those organizations while managing the solid waste of the country. Issues faced due to solid waste accumulation in Singapore As per a study, the Singaporeans are charged a fixed rate to have the household waste collected by the municipal authorities. However, there is no limitation or control on the amount of waste that would be collected from the household. As the Singaporeans are able to dispose their garbage as per their ease in the rubbish chutes, hence they do not give a second thought while throwing the garbage in the rubbish chutes. They are not able to see the amount of waste collected in the chutes and hence, the amount of wastes disposed by them keeps on growing at a steep rate. In addition to this, the issue that is faced by the Singaporeans is that they are not in a habit if categorising their wastes as recyclable waste and non-recyclable waste. In the budget that was presented in the year, 2014, Vivian Balakrishnan, the Environment and Water Resources Minister of Singapore has said that only 20 percent of the waste collected from the households of Singapore could be recycled (blog.nus.edu.sg 2 014). The figure shows that the people living in Singapore has made very feeble progress in solid waste management in spite of being one of the leading nations in the world. In addition to the lack of responsibility from the Singaporeans, the limited area in Singapore is an added disadvantage for the country. The only place that is remaining to be filled with garbage is the Pulau Semakau Landfill. However, it has been estimated that the place can support the garbage only until 2045 (White, Dranke and Hindle 2012). The rubbish chutes will not be able to sustain the waste of Singapore in the end. As the Singaporeans are used to the convenience of throwing the waste materials in the rubbish chute, hence, it is less likely that they are going to change their habit of throwing the garbage. Figure 1: The Pulau Semakau Landfill (Source: The Straits Times 2013) Due to the growing amount of trash in the country, the National Environment Agency (NEA) has shown concern to handle the issue. Until the year, 2011, there used be just one big bin where all kinds of waste like plastics, recyclable items and paper used to be disposed collected from all the blocks of a locality (Chandrappa and Brown 2012). After the intervention of National Environment Agency, they stared having one bin for every block. Gradually, the number of bins increased in the HDB landscape. The waste management plan took another step ahead when a multi-storey recycling plant was proposed to be set up. In July 2014, the National Environment Agency announced that the waste treatment plant that will open in the year 2040 (Yep 2016). The importance of recycling In the month of June 2014, the National Environment Agency asked the government to help in setting up the plant for waste management in Singapore. The proposal by National Environment Agency had a transparent and practical plan for the plant until the year 2030 and had even better plans for the year 2050 (Laurent et al. 2014). It has been estimated that going by the present accumulation rate of trash in Singapore, by the year 2030 the trash will grow until 12.3 million tonnes. In the year, 2013, 61 percent of the trash was recycled and the rest of the trashes were burnt to destroy (Othman et al. 2013). However, the burnt polluted the environment. The new waste management plan aims at recycling 70 percent of the waste of the country. However, the there are certain issues with the new waste management plan by National Environment Agency. The sorting of the waste materials are done by individuals after they collected from the offices, households and the shops. Most of the organizations are not huge enough for the treatment of the waste and are unable to accommodate a huge amount of waste in the area. In addition to this, some of the sorting stations are done manually. As a result, it ends up taking more time than usual as well was more expensive. The main problem that was faced in the process was the problem of work force. The government needed to recruit more people by the year, 2030 who would be required to collect the trash, work at the plants an fasten the waste management process (Lim and Wang 2013). In addition to this, the segregation of the waste needed to be taught to then people. At times, some of the wastes could not be recycled, as they got wet due to the mixture of the waste. As a result, in place of recycling the waste, they had to incinerate the whole waste. Industrial waste management in Singapore Along with the household waste, the industrial wastes in Singapore contribute in producing more toxic wastes. Hence, it has become more important for the government to manage the industrial waste in an effective manner. Singapore has developed an advanced waste management system that will help in taking up less space, while the waste will be managed in an effective manner. Ninety-two percent of wastes collected from the industries are incinerated in Singapore (Melikoglu, Lin and Webb 2013). Even though burning of the waste materials will pollute the environment of the place yet if the burning is done to generate energy then it will help in solving other issues of the place. There four incineration plants present in Singapore and the process of incineration that is done in these plants has helped in saving 3% of the electricity needs in Singapore. The main aim of the industrial solid waste management system in Singapore is to focus on the following areas: Collection of the waste Recovery of the waste Treatment of the waste for better usage for the country The sustainability of the industrial solid waste management in Singapore has the following strategies: Decrease the amount of waste in the country by reducing the accumulation of waste, reuse and recycle the waste. It has been calculated that more than fifty percent of the industrial waste in Singapore is recycled. Take measures so that there is zero landfill for the waste Develop industries that will contribute in the waste management of the country and help Singapore as the centre that will excel in the waste management technology The Senoko Waste-to-Energy Plant is one such industry in Singapore, which helps in generating energy from the waste materials in Singapore. Keppel Integrated Engineering (KIE) operates the Senoko Waste-to-Energy Plant. The plan has the capacity to treat 2400 tonnes of waste and generate 554MW of energy (Rajagopal et al. 2013). With the help of the plants, Singapore is able to treat 47.6% of waste that are set for incineration. Figure 2: The Senoko Waste-to-Energy Plant in Singapore (Source: International Enterprise Singapore, 2012) Other organizations are not far behind in helping Singapore to manage their waste effectively. The JTC corporation is one of the famous developers in the industrial estates in Singapore has set up a 19-hectre pilot eco-recycling parks in Tuas located in Western Singapore (Ghiani et al. 2014). The area of the park is as big as 20 football fields together. The park will help various recycling organizations to cluster together and together help Singapore to manage the waste in a prompt and effective manner. Some of the recycling processes that are already going in the area are: Recycling the waste products to make brick from those products Recovering the solid waste like wood and glass A fully automated sorting plant that will attract more companies to set up their recycling plant in that area The Waste Management and Recycling Association of Singapore (WMRAS) Recommendations was set up in the year, 2001 and it as tied up with the Waste Management Association of Australia (WMAA) and Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) to boost up the industrial recycling of that area (Williams 2013). Figure 3: a worker is removing the nails from a wood plank to make the wood reusable for future (Source: Hoong, 2012) Recommendations In addition to the waste management process that has been taken up by the different private and public firms in Singapore, there is urgency that the people of Singapore should control their garbage disposal habit. Replacing the rubbish chutes the garbage bags is recommended for the houses in Singapore. The new houses should not be built with the rubbish chutes, instead there will the garbage bags for every house. As a result, there will be much less garbage accumulation as the people will be able to see the amount of garbage getting accumulated for each of the houses. If they require accumulating more garbage, then they will have to pay more for the extra garbage that will have to dispose. In addition to this, it is recommended to the government that they should make the people aware of the ill effects of the accumulation of waste in Singapore. The people living in the residential areas as well as the owners of the industries should have proper idea about the amount of waste that is getting piled up every passing day. The industries are taking necessary measures to combat the problem of piling up of waste. The people living in the residential area should also know about the ill effects of the waste on the society. The people should be aware of the exact numbers so that they can help in reducing the waste of the county. Conclusion After going through various studies and feedback of the authors, it can be concluded that when on one hand, Singapore is facing issues combating the problems of waste, and on the other hand, it has taken necessary measures to treat those wastes in an effective manner. The rubbish chutes is helpful for the residents but it is also creating problem, as the accumulation is not visible to the people who are accumulating those wastes. The toxic wastes are also piling up due to the operations in the industries. The industries have taken necessary measures by building recycling parks so that the waste materials could be reused and recycled in future. Recommendations are being given to the residents so that there should be no more housing with the rubbish chutes. Instead of the rubbish chutes, there will be garbage bags where they will accumulate the wastes. For any extra waste, they will have to pay extra. In this way, the people will be able to see the amount of garbage that is being piled because of them. Once the problems in visible to the people, the awareness will automatically be spread among the Singaporeans. References blog.nus.edu.sg, (2014). Solid waste management in Singapore. [Blog]SINGAPORE 2100. Available at: https://blog.nus.edu.sg/singapore2100/2014/10/04/solid-waste-management-in-singapore/ [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. Chandrappa, R. and Brown, J., 2012.Solid waste management: Principles and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Chandrappa, R. and Das, D.B., 2012. Waste quantities and characteristics. InSolid Waste Management(pp. 47-63). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Ghiani, G., Lagan, D., Manni, E., Musmanno, R. and Vigo, D., 2014. Operations research in solid waste management: A survey of strategic and tactical issues.Computers Operations Research,44, pp.22-32. Hoong, C. (2012).The Singapore Green Plan. 1st ed. [ebook] Singapore. Available at: https://www.mewr.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/grab-our-research/sgp2012.pdf [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. Karak, T., Bhagat, R.M. and Bhattacharyya, P., 2012. Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management: the world scenario.Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,42(15), pp.1509-1630. Laurent, A., Bakas, I., Clavreul, J., Bernstad, A., Niero, M., Gentil, E., Hauschild, M.Z. and Christensen, T.H., 2014. Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systemsPart I: Lessons learned and perspectives.Waste management,34(3), pp.573-588. Lim, J.W. and Wang, J.Y., 2013. Enhanced hydrolysis and methane yield by applying microaeration pretreatment to the anaerobic co-digestion of brown water and food waste.Waste management,33(4), pp.813-819. Melikoglu, M., Lin, C.S.K. and Webb, C., 2013. Analysing global food waste problem: pinpointing the facts and estimating the energy content.Central European Journal of Engineering,3(2), pp.157-164. NTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE SINGAPORE, (2012).Waste Management World-class environmental and waste management services. 1st ed. [ebook] INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE SINGAPORE. Available at: https://www.iesingapore.gov.sg/~/media/IE%20Singapore/Files/Publications/Brochures%20Foreign%20Companies/Waste%20Management/IE_Waste%20Management_EN.pdf [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. Othman, S.N., Noor, Z.Z., Abba, A.H., Yusuf, R.O. and Hassan, M.A.A., 2013. Review on life cycle assessment of integrated solid waste management in some Asian countries.Journal of Cleaner Production,41, pp.251-262. Rajagopal, R., Lim, J.W., Mao, Y., Chen, C.L. and Wang, J.Y., 2013. Anaerobic co-digestion of source segregated brown water (feces-without-urine) and food waste: For Singapore context.Science of the Total Environment,443, pp.877-886. The Straits Times, (2013).NEA plan seeks to limit damage from landfill expansion. [online] Eco-Business. Available at: https://www.eco-business.com/news/nea-plan-seeks-limit-damage-landfill-expansion/ [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. White, P., Dranke, M. and Hindle, P., 2012.Integrated solid waste management: a lifecycle inventory. Springer Science Business Media. Williams, P.T., 2013.Waste treatment and disposal. John Wiley Sons. Yep, E. (2016).Singapores Innovative Waste-Disposal System. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/singapores-innovative-waste-disposal-system-1442197715 [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016].