Business Ethics of WorldCom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Ethics of WorldCom - Essay Example The organization was pronounced bankrupt because of the incorrect ways that were utilized to deal with the records of the organization. As prior expressed, when WorldCom was announced bankrupt, the organization authorities at the time worked anxiously to repeat the monetary status of the organization and to rearrange its tasks. This demonstrates the degree to which the organization had lost a ton because of unscrupulous bookkeeping. The pertinence of business morals for the situation Ethical practices are viewed as the significant attributes that are required by powerful pioneers. For the situation study, WorldCom got devastation that happened when the partnership was not in the circumstance to carry on morally. This was for the most part for the individuals who were engaged with bookkeeping in the organization. Morals for the situation additionally is pertinent as it shows the results that were acquired when there was no holding of moral norms. The drop out that was knowledgeable ab out WorldCom was significant. The contenders gained from the aftermath and they had the option to improve their activity and think about moral measures in tasks. Effect of the moral issue The misrepresentation that prompted the chapter 11 of WorldCom influenced the conduct and the lives of people and the network that the business worked. A few people who were forever influenced by the extortion were Cynthia Cooper. She took an interest in revealing the misrepresentation and this made her success a few honors. The extortion that likewise prompted the aftermath of the organization gave the preferred position to the contenders of the organization, for example, Verizon.

12 Hour Shifts in Nursing

7 October 2011 Effects on Nurses Working Long Hours Patients in a medical clinic or potentially human services offices must be thought about the entire day and throughout the night, ordinarily of the week by attendants. The standard method to satisfy this need is to split the day into three 8-hour shifts. Various movements have been instituted to help improve nurture fulfillment, decline the nursing lack and set aside the emergency clinic cash. The 24-hour day is comprised of two 12-hour shifts; 12 hours in the day and 12 hours around evening time. There has been a significant continuous discussion throughout the years with respect to this issue of medical caretakers working more than 8 hours in a solitary day. Numerous individuals, for example, emergency clinic nursing chairmen, have motivation to accept that working long hour shifts causes more mistakes in the working environment because of weakness and sporadic rest plans. Alongside these reasons and different convictions, 12-hour moves in nursing ought to be disavowed. The dangers exceed the advantages for broadened hour moves in emergency clinics or potentially human services offices, for both the patients and medical caretakers. Medical caretakers who work at least 12 hours in a solitary move put in danger the strength of themselves alongside the wellbeing of the patients who they are rewarding. Working broadened shifts causes weariness, stress and absence of profitability. Blunders are generally normal in medical attendants who are exhausted from working long and tiresome hours. It is assessed 1. 3 million human services blunders happen every year and of those mistakes 48,000 to 98,000 outcome in persistent passings. A considerable lot of these mistakes lead to negligence suits and a huge number of dollars lost (Keller, 497). This demonstrates working extended periods of time in a medicinal services condition will make nurture increasingly inclined to making blunder that may prompt patient demise. Tolerant demise is the thing that the emergency clinic and employees are attempting to abstain from, denying long hour shifts appears to be an appropriate method to begin. With respect to the soundness of the attendant, medical caretakers who work extended periods of time are influencing their wellbeing from multiple points of view. Some medical issues that may happen in attendants are rest issues, languor, and incapable to think unmistakably. As indicated by The American Heart Association, move laborers are slanted to drink more stimulated refreshments, for example, espresso and caffeinated beverages, smoke, and exercise less frequently. Alongside these issues, working movements and expanded hours meddle with the body’s regular circadian cadence, particularly if working night move. People are intended to work during the sunshine, not around evening time. â€Å"Symptoms of weariness can incorporate muscle shortcoming, laziness, powerlessness to think unmistakably or concentrate, drowsiness, diminished subjective capacity, uneasiness, and exhaustion† (Keller, 499). This would not be adequate for the levels of popularity of nursing. Medical attendants should have the option to think obviously and remain sharp to settle on streak choices incase the patients wellbeing quickly diminishes. In the event that they are worn out, they may lose this capacity. Attendants additionally must have the option to work in high-pressure circumstances. In the event that nervousness were a side effect of weakness, this would risk both the medical caretakers and the patients. The medical caretaker may lose her employment for working while exhausted, and the patient may lose their life for not having appropriate consideration. Todays medical attendants would probably contradict this contention. The greater part of todays attendants work long 12-hour moves and favor them than five eight-hour shifts. They incline toward working three 12-hour movements, and afterward having four days off in seven days. Attendants who work this move can take a couple get-away days or days off and be off for a considerable length of time at once. They accept that working these long hour shifts don't influence their capacity to think about patients, since they can drink espresso or pop and can sleep on their mid-day breaks. This contention may appear to be conceivable, however the truth is that these are just impermanent fixes and may feel significantly more depleted than previously. What's more, during the four days they have off, they may feel powerless and stunned so they won't have the option to work a subsequent low maintenance work whenever needed or be with their friends and family. Subsequent to working that numerous hours in such a brief timeframe, they would require those four days off to make up for the difficult work they just persevered. Medicinal services chairmen contend that having just two moves every (day and night) will help improve persistent consideration in light of the fact that there would just be two attendants who might deal with a patient during a 24-hour move. Yet at the same time, it takes increasingly recruited medical caretakers to fill a weeks calendar to suit every 12 hour move is secured in light of the fact that an attendant can indeed work a limited number of hours in seven days. Annette Richardson asserts that medical attendants who work expanded hour movements will be less profitable during the last 2 to 3 hours of their day of work. Indications of medical caretakers being ineffective are; in the event that he/she is setting aside a more extended effort to be with a patient than should be expected, not finishing quiet outlines and not being intensive on reports (Carson, 830). Nursing organization is there to help make patients and medical attendants upbeat and solid. Human services organization needs the most work efficiency as could reasonably be expected, and with having the most recent 3 hours of a medical attendants move being inefficient will lessen that objective. Studies have indicated that the most gainful work routine is working an eight-hour move since it has minimal number of mistakes because of laborers weakness and depletion. Medical attendants who additionally work long hour movements may encounter work ‘burnout’. A Burnout is a type of incessant pressure identified with ones employment. Burnout happen most every now and again in attendants who work extended periods of time in high pressure territories, for example, basic consideration, oncology, or consume units. Manifestations of burnouts incorporate weakness, visit colds, cerebral pains, and sleep deprivation. Mental side effects may incorporate diminished capacity to take care of issues and reluctance to confront issues and change. Medical caretakers who experience the ill effects of burnout may leave their place of employment or change occupations outside of the nursing calling. This causes deficiencies, which is as of now a major issue in todays world. Insufficient individuals are keen on the nursing profession due to the high burnout rate. Linda Wilson was wearing out in light of the fact that she worked the 3pm to 11pm move in the basic consideration unit. The medical clinic was understaffed and had a ton of additional time. She scarcely got five hours a rest a night (Ellis, 599). This demonstrates working too many broadened hours seven days with insufficient rest will cause burnout that prompts lost positions. Lost positions makes the deficiency of medical attendants considerably higher and influencing tolerant consideration by not having enough medical caretakers important to give appropriate consideration and backing to their patient during their remain. Generally speaking, long hour moves in nursing may have its pluses, for example, a four-day end of the week to be home with their friends and family, yet it likewise has its negative impacts. Stretched out movements may makes attendants make blunders while working from an absence of rest and exhaustion. This may wind up in persistent passing or negligence, which is something contrary to what medical caretakers, and managers are there to do. 12-hour days will in the long run cause damage to him/herself in light of the fact that our bodies are not intended to work long and tiring hours since weakness disturbs their capacity to think obviously and rapidly and may cause pressure. With these conflicting with them, they may get wore out and choose to stop or change occupations. A bounty of burnouts will make a bigger nursing lack than there as of now is, aggravating the entire circumstance. I think working 8-hours every day with three absolute movements to make up a 24 hour day is the most ideal path for both the medical caretakers and the patients purpose. It will lessen the measure of mistakes managed to weakness and it will build efficiency in the work environment since medical caretakers would not be influenced by fatigue. Works Cited

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay -- English Literature

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde This epic is something other than a conventional loathsomeness story as it has numerous covered up and complex implications and clarifications, of what appear and would have regularly before this book, been straightforward occasions. Stevenson has very solid sentiments and some are communicated in the book. A customary frightfulness story would either be an excessively normal In this novel Stevenson's characters, Jekyll and Hyde, are generalizations of individuals who are 'acceptable' and 'detestable'. The great is the amicable specialist (the mindful calling) and the malice is the slouched, terrible killer. These two generalizations consolidate to make the normal man who has the ability to be both 'acceptable' and 'wickedness', and they have both 'great' and 'fiendish' musings and feelings. All individuals have similar feelings, a few great and some terrible and, as Hyde, when you follow the abhorrent feelings like despise, envy and retribution, you are viewed as insidious. Jekyll and Hyde both have these 'malicious' feelings yet what makes Jekyll 'great' is that he conceals them, Jekyll is driven by reason while Hyde is driven by want, he'll do what he needs when he needs. Londonand Jekyll's Houses The road where Jekyll lives is portrayed as only a mysterious road in London, whose shop fronts like columns of grinning ladies have a brilliance that hangs out as opposed to the grimy neighborhood. But then on this road, two entryways from the corner, stands a bleak, Gothic house, which bore in each element the signs of delayed and corrupt carelessness. As we continue further in the novel, Jekyll's houses will be believed to have their own association with the characters prosperous, decent, just as undermining, strange, and vile. It is clear by every one of its two appearances the good; Je... ...open has seen just a facade of my genuine self. This is valid due for the most part to the way that no one knew Mr. Hyde was a piece of Dr. Jekyll. Jekyll continually accentuates the enormity of his experience. He helps us to remember his well off family, and extraordinary training. In any case, he likewise expresses that man is not really one, however two. Dr. Jekyll required something, or somebody to speak to the detestable which has developed within him. He made this through examinations, which lead to a mixture. This mixture changed him whenever he needed. He was changed into Mr. Hyde. Detestable is only a little bit of men, maybe that is the reason Mr. Hyde had a diminutive appearance. The primary concern was that the elixir assumed control over his life, and Dr. Jekyll at long last acknowledges he can't change once more into his integrity. He endeavors to end it all, as this is his lone method of decimating Mr. Hyde.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay example -- Great Expectations

Dickens through Great Expectations appeared to have delineation of ladies and as indicated by Martin Chilton ought not be amazing that he did. Charles Dickens expressed in 1842 â€Å"Catherine is as close being a jackass as one of her sex can be† (Chilton). Catherine was Dickens spouse from 1836 to 1858; they had numerous children together. Many trust Dickens startled and discouraged his better half of numerous years. Dickens experienced difficulty portraying a develop female. Chilton states, his own relations with ladies were completely harmed, fragmented or damaging (Chilton). There is clearly an association between his own understanding and they way he portrays Mrs. Joe and others. Dickens relationship with ladies gave him numerous sentiments to attract upon to show in his composition. Martin Chilton thought Miss Havisham was Dickens himself. The ladies in Great Expectations live under year’s of abuse. The cast of characters we saw were not taught and were in troublesome individual circumstances. Dwindle Scheckner says, â€Å" the family histories in this work show that for all intents and purposes each female in the novel is a casualty of severe conditions, on the off chance that not of financial matters, at that point of a sex... ... center of paper ... ...trated with the vast lion's share of the female characters more often than not yet clearly he would battle without them. I really, accept however in the event that he had a progressively strong stepmother, he would have wound up in a superior circumstance and would have the option to support his prosperity. Charles Dickens was a writer who composed exceptional anecdotes about the excursion of Pip to satisfy his desires. He was a man who had a troublesome family circumstance. It was obvious he was brutal to his significant other Catherine and the way that he didn't impart to his ex that their child had kicked the bucket, he later sent a letter afterward. These terrible practices prompted his delineation of numerous shrewd female characters in Great Expectations. Men in the novel were depicted in an obviously better light and the delineations of ladies were upsetting to numerous has most Victorian ladies of the time were the inverse.

How to Make Sure Your Sources Are Legit - EasyBib blog

How to Make Sure Your Sources Are Legit - EasyBib blog (9) by Amanda Clark You just got the assignment: the infamous end-of-year research paper. Your teacher, Mrs. Citey, is a stickler when it comes to bibliographies, and you’re nervous because you don’t know where to find legit sources. The internet is a wealth of information, but that also makes it hard to weed out the bad sites from the good. We’re here to help! It’s easy to make sure your sources are credible by keeping these four questions in mind. (But first, make sure you know: what is a bibliography?) Who wrote it? This sounds simple enough, but today, even a 13-year-old can write a post about a topic you might be researching and post it on his personal blog. Which is great for him, but not for your research paper. Pay special attention to the credibility of the author. You can even Google them to find out about their background and expertise. You might discover that your author teaches at a credible university or has an advanced degree in the topicâ€"sweet! But you also might find that your author wrote the article as a hobby after playing video games and hasn’t even graduated from middle school. (Or worse, plagiarized all of the content.) Is it a primary or secondary source? This next question may take you back to a sixth-grade social studies class, when you learned the differences between primary and secondary sources. That was probably a while ago, so let’s review. A primary source provides first-hand evidence about a topic in the form of a diary entry, letter, artifact or another direct source. A secondary source describes or analyzes primary sources. Examples of secondary sources include a history textbook, a journal article, or your own research paper. Primary sources add credibility to your paper but are sometimes difficult to find. You can still use secondary sources, but you have to be more wary of where they come from. It’s easier to trust a diary entry from George Washington than a random site listing his personal achievements. Primary sources require a little more digging, but they’ll add an impressive entry to that stellar works cited page or bibliography in the making. What is the domain? We live in an overpopulated internet world of .coms, where anyone can buy a domain for $9.99 a year. Although this phenomenon has multiplied the amount of information available, it also has made it more difficult to make sure your sources are legitimate. Credible domains to look for are .gov and.edu, which are domains reserved for national institutions and the government. This does not mean that all .com, .net, and .org domains are unreliable, but anyone with a few bucks can buy a website with these endings. You just need to evaluate these sites more carefully. For more information on top-level domains, click here. Is it biased? Biased sources tend to state opinions instead of concrete facts. They also have few, if any, credible sources backing up their claims. Sometimes, though, biased sources are tricky to spot. As you examine the website, ask questions like: Is it affiliated with a credible organization such as a university website, or published by a popular tabloid website? Does it references other sources you can check to verify its claims? Is the main purpose of the website to sell you something? For example, let’s say you’re researching Chinese medicine. An article that links to the website’s own miracle supplement is not a credible source. Also, pay particular attention to the emotion of the article. Does it seem like the writer is trying to persuade you to take action with something (join their organization, sign a petition, etc.)? Although this is not always a bad scenario, sites like these do not belong in your research paper. If you keep these questions in mind while conducting your research, Mrs. Citey will be impressedâ€"and gratefulâ€"when she grades your legit paper. You can learn even more about evaluating sources for credibility here. And don’t forget the properly formatted citations for your vetted-and-approved sources! For that, there’s EasyBib’s easy citation generator, where you can cite in MLA style, APA, Chicago style format and more.

Globalization and Work-Life Balance Essay - 550 Words

Globalization and Work-Life Balance (Essay Sample) Content: Commonality of Neo-Liberalism, Globalization, and Work-Life balanceNameInstitutionCommonality of Neo-Liberalism, Globalization and Work life balanceIntroductionMany scholars presume that Neo-liberalism and globalization mean the same thing in this decade. The implications of these terms have an impact on the way individual notions concerning their occupations have been adopted. According to (Talani 2014), globalization is the intensification of social, political, cultural, and economic relations across borders. Therefore, it is a qualitative phenomenon on how the economic world perceives it. Neo-liberalism is the revival of liberalism. However, in economic terms, it is the belief that states need to refrain from intervening the economy, and instead leave individuals to participate freely in a self-regulating market (Campbell 2001). On the other hand, work life balance refers to the relationship between an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s occupation and the commitments back at h ome. Therefore, this paper examines the relationship between neo-liberalism, globalization and work-life balance in order to establish the extent of commonality in them.Characteristics of Neo-Liberalism, Globalization and Work life balanceNeo-liberalism is enshrined in pursuit to five agendas. It believes in the power of markets to efficiently allocate resources and encourage economic development. It is entangled in the privatization of state-owned enterprises in an effort to encourage market forces in order to stimulate economic efficiency. Similarly, it entails the cutting of state expenditures on social welfare provisions and ideological believes on collectivism and individualism (Aguiar Herod 2006). On the other hand, when we consider globalization, it is portrayed as a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment, the renationalization of social groups and an unprecedented interdependence of financial markets. Social groups entail business and labor. However, technological t ransformation is a distinguishing component of qualitative globalization. It brings about transformation in terms of financial transactions and production (Talani 2009). These ideologies both in globalization and in neo-liberalism are common in terms of their characteristics.Similarly, work-family concept is a transformative idea that has grown in the last decades (Chick et al 2004). It has led to unprecedented interchange of roles within family members. For instance, it is the concern of both parents to take care of their siblings as opposed to the past where only women were mandated to take this responsibility. In this case, paternal leaves are now available at work places. In those days, fathersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ roles were to feed the household as the wife took care of the siblings. However, fulfilling the activities of work and family context by many parents is a major challenge. This has led to the evolution of conflicts in managing the affairs of both the employees and the family. T herefore, work-family conflict is as highlighted by (Burchielli et al 2008) is a form of inter-role conflict whereby family and work demands are inconsistent in respect to participation in both roles being a challenge in relation to the participation in the other role. These attributes form the major characteristics of work-family balance concept.ConclusionIn relation to the concept of neo-liberalism, globalization, and work-family balance as examined by various authors, there is a close interrelationship on how they are interpreted. Currently, the way we view this concept is not the way they were perceived in the past. These concepts are all related to transformation and modernization in the current society. Therefo...

How to Open and Read a GEDCOM File

One of the most common methods used to exchange genealogical information is a GEDCOM file, an acronym for GEnealogical Data COMmunication. In simple terms, GEDCOM is a method of formatting your family tree data into a text file which can be easily read and converted by any genealogy software program. The GEDCOM specification was originally developed in 1985 and is owned and managed by the Family History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. GEDCOM is 5.5 and 5.5.1 (legacy GEDCOM) are no longer maintained as development continues on GEDCOM X.   Using GEDCOM Almost all major genealogy software packages and websites — including Reunion, Ancestral Quest, My Family Tree, and others — both read and write to the GEDCOM standard, although most of those tools also have their own proprietary formats. Depending on the GEDCOM version and the version of any given genealogy software program, you might encounter some standards problems that lead to imperfect interoperability. For example, Program X might not support a few tags that Program Y supports, so some data loss might occur. Youll want to check each programs technical specifications to see if and how it differs from the GEDCOM standard. Anatomy of a Genealogy GEDCOM File If you open a GEDCOM file using your word  processor, youll see a jumble of numbers, abbreviations, and bits and pieces of data. There are no blank lines and no indentations in a GEDCOM file. Thats because it is a specification for exchanging information from one computer to another and was never intended to be read as a text file. GEDCOMs basically take your family information and translate it into an outline format. Records in a GEDCOM file are arranged in groups of lines that hold information about one individual (INDI) or one family (FAM) and each line in an individual record has a level number. The first line of every record is numbered zero to show that it is the beginning of a new record. Within that record, different level numbers are subdivisions of the next level above it. For example, the birth of an individual may be given level No. 1 and further information about the birth (date, place, etc.) would be given level No. 2. After the level number, you will see a descriptive tag, which refers to the type of data contained in that line. Most tags are obvious — BIRT for birth and PLAC for place — but some are a little more obscure, such as BARM for Bar Mitzvah. A simple example of GEDCOM records: 0 I2 INDI 1 NAME Charles Phillip /Ingalls/ 1 SEX M1 BIRT2 DATE 10 JAN 18362 PLAC Cuba, Allegheny, NY1 DEAT2 DATE 08 JUN 19022 PLAC De Smet, Kingsbury, Dakota Territory1 FAMC F21 FAMS F30 I3 INDI1 NAME Caroline Lake /Quiner/1 SEX F1 BIRT2 DATE 12 DEC 18392 PLAC Milwaukee Co., WI1 DEAT2 DATE 20 APR 19232 PLAC De Smet, Kingsbury, Dakota Territory1 FAMC F211 FAMS F3 Tags can also serve as pointers — for example, I2 — which indicate a related individual, family or source within the same GEDCOM file. For example, a family record (FAM) will contain pointers to the individual records (INDI) for the husband, wife, and children. Here is the family record that contains Charles and Caroline, the two individuals discussed above: 0 F3 FAM1 HUSB I21 WIFE I31 MARR2 DATE 01 FEB 18602 PLAC Concord, Jefferson, WI1 CHIL I11 CHIL I421 CHIL I441 CHIL I451 CHIL I47 A GEDCOM is basically a connected web of records with pointers that keep all of the relationships straight. While you should now be able to decipher a GEDCOM with a text editor, you will still find it much easier to read with the appropriate software. GEDCOMs contain two additional pieces: A header section (led by the line  0 HEAD) with metadata about the file; the header is the very first section of the file. The final line — called a  trailer — indicates the end of the file. It simply reads  0 TRLR. How to Open and Read a GEDCOM File Opening a GEDCOM file is usually straightforward. Begin by ensuring that the file is truly a genealogy GEDCOM file and not a family tree file created in some proprietary format by a  genealogy software program. A file is in GEDCOM format when it ends in the extension .ged. If the file ends with the extension .zip then it has been zipped (compressed) and needs to be unzipped first.   Back up your existing genealogy databases, then open the file (or import it) with your software. How to Save Your Family Tree as a GEDCOM File All major family tree software programs support the creation of GEDCOM files. Creating a GEDCOM file does not overwrite your existing data or change your existing file in any way. Instead, a new file is generated by a process called exporting. Exporting a GEDCOM file is easy to do with any family tree software by following the basic instructions offered in the software help tool. Remove private information such as birth dates and  Social Security numbers  for people in your family tree who are still living in order to protect their privacy.   List of Tags The GEDCOM 5.5 standard supports quite a few different tags and indicators: ABBR  {ABBREVIATION} A short name of a title, description or name. ADDR  {ADDRESS} The contemporary place, usually required for postal purposes, of an individual, a submitter of information, a repository, a business, a school or a company. ADR1  {ADDRESS1} The first line of an address. ADR2  {ADDRESS2} The second line of an address. ADOP  {ADOPTION} Pertaining to the creation of a child-parent relationship that does not exist biologically. AFN  {AFN} A unique permanent record file number of an individual record stored in Ancestral File. AGE  {AGE} The age of the individual at the time an event occurred or the age listed in the document. AGNC  {AGENCY} The institution or individual having the authority or responsibility to manage or govern ALIA  {ALIAS} An indicator to link different record descriptions of a person who may be the same person. ANCE  {ANCESTORS} Pertaining to forbearers of an individual. ANCI  {ANCES_INTEREST} Indicates an interest in additional research for ancestors of this individual. (See also DESI) ANUL  {ANNULMENT} Declaring a marriage void from the beginning (never existed). ASSO  {ASSOCIATES} An indicator to link friends, neighbors, relatives, or associates of an individual. AUTH  {AUTHOR} The name of the individual who created or compiled information. BAPL  {BAPTISM-LDS} The event of baptism performed at age eight or later by priesthood authority of the LDS Church. (See also BAPM, next) BAPM  {BAPTISM} The event of baptism (not LDS), performed in infancy or later. (See also  BAPL, above, and CHR.) BARM  {BAR_MITZVAH} The ceremonial event held when a Jewish boy reaches age 13. BASM  {BAS_MITZVAH} The ceremonial event held when a Jewish girl reaches age 13, also known as Bat Mitzvah. BIRT  {BIRTH} The event of entering into life. BLES  {BLESSING} A religious event of bestowing divine care or intercession. Sometimes given in connection with a naming ceremony. BLOB  {BINARY_OBJECT} A grouping of data used as input to a multimedia system that processes binary data to represent images, sound, and video. BURI  {BURIAL} The event of the proper disposing of the mortal remains of a deceased person. CALN  {CALL_NUMBER} The number used by a repository to identify the specific items in its collections. CAST  {CASTE} The name of an individuals rank or status in society, based on racial or religious differences, or differences in wealth, inherited rank, profession, occupation, etc. CAUS  {CAUSE} A description of the cause of the associated event or fact, such as the cause of death. CENS  {CENSUS} The event of the periodic count of the population for a designated locality, such as a  national or state  census. CHAN  {CHANGE} Indicates a change, correction or modification. Typically used in connection with a DATE to specify when a change in information occurred. CHAR  {CHARACTER} An indicator of the character set used in writing this automated information. CHIL  {CHILD} The natural, adopted or sealed (LDS) child of a father and a mother. CHR  {CHRISTENING} The religious event (not LDS) of baptizing or naming a child. CHRA  {ADULT_CHRISTENING} The religious event (not LDS) of baptizing or naming an adult person. CITY  {CITY} A lower level jurisdictional unit. Normally an incorporated municipal unit. CONC  {CONCATENATION} An indicator that additional data belongs to the superior value. The information from the CONC value is to be connected to the value of the superior preceding line without a space and without a carriage return or newline character. Values that are split for a CONC tag must always be split at a non-space. If the value is split on a space the space will be lost when concatenation takes place. This is because of the treatment that spaces get as a GEDCOM delimiter, many GEDCOM values are trimmed of trailing spaces and some systems look for the first non-space starting after the tag to determine the beginning of the value. CONF  {CONFIRMATION} The religious event (not LDS) of conferring the gift of the Holy Ghost and, among protestants, full church membership. CONL  {CONFIRMATION_L} The religious event by which a person receives membership in the LDS Church. CONT  {CONTINUED} An indicator that additional data belongs to the superior value. The information from the CONT value is to be connected to the value of the superior preceding line with a carriage return or newline character. Leading spaces could be important to the formatting of the resultant text. When importing values from CONT lines the reader should assume only one delimiter character following the CONT tag. Assume that the rest of the leading spaces are to be a part of the value. COPR  {COPYRIGHT} A statement that accompanies data to protect it from unlawful duplication and distribution. CORP  {CORPORATE} A name of an institution, agency, corporation or company. CREM  {CREMATION} Disposal of the remains of a persons body by fire. CTRY  {COUNTRY} The name or code of the country. DATA  {DATA} Pertaining to stored automated information. DATE  {DATE} The time of an event in a calendar format. DEAT  {DEATH} The event when mortal life terminates. DESC  {DESCENDANTS} Pertaining to the offspring of an individual. DESI  {DESCENDANT_INT} Indicates an interest in research to identify additional descendants of this individual. (See also ANCI) DEST  {DESTINATION} A system receiving data. DIV  {DIVORCE} An event of dissolving a marriage through civil action. DIVF  {DIVORCE_FILED} An event of filing for a divorce by a spouse. DSCR  {PHY_DESCRIPTION} The physical characteristics of a person, place or thing. EDUC  {EDUCATION} Indicator of a level of education attained. EMIG  {EMIGRATION} An event of leaving ones homeland with the intent of residing elsewhere. ENDL  {ENDOWMENT} A religious event where an endowment ordinance for an individual was performed by priesthood authority in an LDS temple. ENGA  {ENGAGEMENT} An event of recording or announcing an agreement between two people to become married. EVEN  {EVENT} A noteworthy happening related to an individual, a group or an organization. FAM  {FAMILY} Identifies a legal, common law or other customary relationship of man and woman and their children, if any, or a family created by virtue of the birth of a child to its biological father and mother. FAMC  {FAMILY_CHILD} Identifies the family in which an individual appears as a child. FAMF  {FAMILY_FILE} Pertaining to, or the name of, a family file. Names stored in a file that is assigned to a family for doing temple ordinance work. FAMS  {FAMILY_SPOUSE} Identifies the family in which an individual appears as a spouse. FCOM  {FIRST_COMMUNION} A religious rite, the first act of sharing in the Lords supper as part of church worship. FILE  {FILE} An information storage place that is ordered and arranged for preservation and reference. FORM  {FORMAT} An assigned name given to a consistent format in which information can be conveyed. GEDC  {GEDCOM} Information about the use of GEDCOM in a transmission. GIVN  {GIVEN_NAME} A given or earned name used for official identification of a person. GRAD  {GRADUATION} An event of awarding educational diplomas or degrees to individuals. HEAD  {HEADER} Identifies information pertaining to an entire GEDCOM transmission. HUSB  {HUSBAND} An individual in the family role of a married man or father. IDNO  {IDENT_NUMBER} A number assigned to identify a person within some significant external system. IMMI  {IMMIGRATION} An event of entering into a new locality with the intent of residing there. INDI  {INDIVIDUAL} A person. INFL  {TempleReady} Indicates if an INFANT—data is Y (or N). LANG  {LANGUAGE} The name of the language used in a communication or transmission of information. LEGA  {LEGATEE} A role of an individual acting as a person receiving a bequest or legal devise. MARB  {MARRIAGE_BANN} An event of an official public notice given that two people intend to marry. MARC  {MARR_CONTRACT} An event of recording a formal agreement of marriage, including the prenuptial agreement in which marriage partners reach an agreement about the property rights of one or both, securing property to their children. MARL  {MARR_LICENSE} An event of obtaining a legal license to marry. MARR  {MARRIAGE} A legal, common-law or customary event of creating a family unit of a man and a woman as husband and wife. MARS  {MARR_SETTLEMENT} An event of creating an agreement between two people contemplating  marriage, at which time they agree to release or modify property rights that would otherwise arise from the marriage. MEDI  {MEDIA} Identifies information about the media or having to do with the medium in which information is stored. NAME  {NAME} A word or combination of words used to help identify an individual, title or other items. More than one NAME line should be used for people who were known by multiple names. NATI  {NATIONALITY} The national heritage of an individual. NATU  {NATURALIZATION} The event of obtaining  citizenship. NCHI  {CHILDREN_COUNT} The number of children that this person is known to be the parent of (all marriages) when subordinate to an individual, or that belong to this family when subordinate to a FAM_RECORD. NICK  {NICKNAME} A descriptive or familiar that is used instead of, or in addition to, ones proper name. NMR  {MARRIAGE_COUNT} The number of times this person has participated in a family as a spouse or parent. NOTE  {NOTE} Additional information provided by the submitter for understanding the enclosing data. NPFX  {NAME_PREFIX} Text which appears on a name line before the given and surname parts of a name. i.e. (Lt. Cmndr.) Joseph /Allen/ jr. NSFX  {NAME_SUFFIX} Text which appears on a name line after or behind the given and surname parts of a name. i.e. Lt. Cmndr. Joseph /Allen/ (jr.) In this example jr. is considered as the name suffix portion OBJE  {OBJECT} Pertaining to a grouping of attributes used in describing something. Usually referring to the data required to represent a multimedia object, such as an audio recording, a photograph of a person or an image of a document. OCCU  {OCCUPATION} The type of work or profession of an individual. ORDI  {ORDINANCE} Pertaining to a religious ordinance in general. ORDN  {ORDINATION} A religious event of receiving authority to act in religious matters. PAGE  {PAGE} A number or description to identify where information can be found in a referenced work. PEDI  {PEDIGREE} Information pertaining to an individual to parent lineage chart. PHON  {PHONE} A unique number assigned to access a specific telephone. PLAC  {PLACE} A jurisdictional name to identify the place or location of an event. POST  {POSTAL_CODE} A code used by a postal service to identify an area to facilitate mail handling. PROB  {PROBATE} An event of judicial determination of the  validity of a will. May indicate several related court activities over several dates. PROP  {PROPERTY} Pertaining to possessions such as real estate or other property of interest. PUBL  {PUBLICATION} Refers to when or where a work was published or created. QUAY  {QUALITY_OF_DATA} An assessment of the certainty of the evidence to support the conclusion drawn from evidence. Values: [0|1|2|3] REFN  {REFERENCE} A description or number used to identify an item for filing, storage or other reference purposes. RELA  {RELATIONSHIP} A relationship value between the indicated contexts. RELI  {RELIGION} A religious denomination to which a person is affiliated or for which a record applies. REPO  {REPOSITORY} An institution or person that has the specified item as part of their collection(s) RESI  {RESIDENCE} The act of dwelling at an address for a period of time. RESN  {RESTRICTION} A processing indicator signifying access to information has been denied or otherwise restricted. RETI  {RETIREMENT} An event of exiting an occupational relationship with an employer after a qualifying time period. RFN  {REC_FILE_NUMBER} A permanent number assigned to a record that uniquely identifies it within a known file. RIN  {REC_ID_NUMBER} A number assigned to a record by an originating automated system that can be used by a receiving system to report results pertaining to that record. ROLE  {ROLE} A name given to a role played by an individual in connection with an event. SEX  {SEX} Indicates the sex of an individual — male or female. SLGC  {SEALING_CHILD} A religious event pertaining to the sealing of a child to his or her parents in an LDS temple ceremony. SLGS  {SEALING_SPOUSE} A religious event pertaining to the sealing of a husband and wife in an LDS temple ceremony. SOUR  {SOURCE} The initial or original material from which information was obtained. SPFX  {SURN_PREFIX} A name piece used as a non-indexing pre-part of a surname. SSN  {SOC_SEC_NUMBER} A number assigned by the United States Social Security Administration. Used for tax identification purposes. STAE  {STATE} A geographical division of a larger jurisdictional area, such as a state within the United States of America. STAT  {STATUS} An assessment of the state or condition of something. SUBM  {SUBMITTER} An individual or organization who contributes genealogical data to a file or transfers it to someone else. SUBN  {SUBMISSION} Pertains to a collection of data issued for processing. SURN  {SURNAME} A family name passed on or used by members of a family. TEMP  {TEMPLE} The name or code that represents the name of a temple of the LDS Church. TEXT  {TEXT} The exact wording found in an original source document. TIME  {TIME} A time value in a 24-hour clock format, including hours, minutes, and optional seconds, separated by a colon (:). Fractions of seconds are shown in decimal notation. TITL  {TITLE} A description of a specific writing or other work, such as the title of a book when used in a source context, or a formal designation used by an individual in connection with positions of royalty or another social status, such as Grand Duke. TRLR  {TRAILER} At level 0, specifies the end of a GEDCOM transmission. TYPE  {TYPE} A further qualification to the meaning of the associated superior tag. The value does not have any computer processing reliability. It is more in the form of a short one- or two-word note that should be displayed any time the associated data is displayed. VERS  {VERSION} Indicates which version of a product, item, or publication is being used or referenced. WIFE  {WIFE} An individual in the role as a mother or married woman. WILL  {WILL} A legal document treated as an event, by which a person disposes of his or her estate, to take effect after death. The event date is the date the  will  was signed while the person was alive. (See also PROB)